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The acid mantle is a very thin, delicate, slightly acidic film covering the entire surface of human skin, serving as a protective barrier against pathogens and reduces body odor. The acidic pH at the skin's surface mainly maintained by free amino acids and α-hydroxy acids () excreted from sweat; free fatty acids and amino acids from sebum; and urocanic acid and pyroglutamic acid. While the viable epidermis below the stratum corneum has a neutral pH of around 7.0, the surface pH of the skin's acid mantle typically ranges between 4.5 and 6.5, with an average assumption of 5.0 to 6.0.
The acidic surface pH is crucial for the growth conditions of resident skin microbiota, which play a vital role in maintaining skin health. Human skin and its microbiota have a mutually beneficial Symbiosis relationship, with the skin providing an optimal environment for resident microbiota while the microbiota help reinforce the Skin immunity by preventing colonization by harmful pathogens and contributing to skin acidification.
Skin care products that lower skin pH to 4.0–4.5 help maintain resident microbiota on the skin, whereas alkaline personal care products promote their dispersal.
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